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Environmental and Health Issues and Recommendations  Recycled Content:
More than 90 million gallons of used motor oil are generated in California each year. [1] This represents a domestic supply of oil suitable for re-refining into new oil. Purchase rerefined oil to support a market for oil collected through local recycling programs.
- Buy rerefined lubricating oils with at least 70 percent rerefined base stock.
 End-of-Life Management:
After motor oil has been drained from the vehicle, it becomes a hazardous waste known as used oil, which must be properly collected and recycled after its initial use. Motor oil never wears out; it only gets dirty, and can be rerefined into new lubricating oil in an endless loop.
See the Introduction for a complete description of this environmental issue.
BACKGROUND AND ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH ISSUES
Californians purchase more than 150 million gallons of motor oil each year, and generate more than 90 million gallons of used motor oil every year - a hazardous waste that must be properly collected and recycled to avoid harming human health and the environment. The highest and best use of used motor oil is to re-refine it into new motor oil. Rerefined motor oil is equal in performance to virgin motor oil because it meets the same quality standards. Currently, most of the used motor oil is blended with other fuels and shipped overseas. However, if more rerefined motor oil were purchased by fleet managers, less used oil would be available to be burned for fuel - resulting in fewer air emissions and a higher and better use for used motor oil. [2]
Environmental and Health Issues
Recycled-Content
Compared to crude oil refining to produce virgin lubricating oil, producing lubricating oil from used motor oil requires less energy, and conserves valuable crude oil, a non-renewable resource. Many California state and local agencies, the Federal government, and private companies already use rerefined oil in their vehicle fleets.
- Rerefined motor oil conserves the crude oil supply by re-using the motor oil rather than having to extract additional crude oil from diminishing domestic supplies or importing additional crude oil from foreign countries. For every gallon of used oil recycled, 2.5 quarts of rerefined motor oil can be produced. Buying rerefined motor oil reduces our dependence on foreign oil.
- Conserving our non-renewable oil supplies is not the only benefit. By buying rerefined motor oil, less used motor oil will be used as fuel, resulting in cleaner air (currently, more than half of all used motor oil is recycled into fuel oil cutter stock, where it is blended with off-specification or heavy crude based materials and burned as fuel, resulting in air pollution from phosphates, sulfur, and heavy metals). [3]
What to look for: Look for motor oil labeled or sold as "rerefined motor oil."
LAWS AND GUIDELINES
California
Statute
State Agency Buy Recycled Campaign (SABRC)
- Recycled-Content Product Procurement Requirements
- Public Contract Code (PCC) section 12203 requires State agencies (including California State Universities) to ensure that at least 50 percent of the dollars spent on lubricating oils (LO) be spent on LOs with a base oil content consisting of at least 70 percent rerefined oil.
- The SABRC LO product category includes, but is not limited to, any oil intended for use in a crankcase, transmission, engine, power steering, gearbox, differential chainsaw, transformer dielectric fluid, cutting, hydraulic, industrial, or automobile, bus, truck, vessel, plane, train, heavy equipment, or machinery powered by an internal combustion engine. (See PCC section 12207.)
- Recycled-Content Certification Requirements
- PCC section 12205 requires all State agencies to obtain from all suppliers written certification of the postconsumer recycled content of each product offered or sold to the State. Recycled-content certification forms are available in the SABRC training manual.
- Recycled-Content Product Procurement Report
- Recycled-Content Product Procurement Contract Language
- PCC section 12217(f) directs State agencies to remove contract provisions that impede the consideration of recycled products and to replace them with performance standards.
Other
- PCC sections 10405-10409 require State and local agencies to purchase lubricating oil and industrial oil from the seller whose oil product contains the greater percentage of recycled oil (with exceptions noted for oil not reasonably available within a reasonable period of time, for oil unable to meet reasonable performance standards of the procuring agency, and for oil available at a greater cost than a comparable virgin oil product).
Policy
In Management Memo 01-22, the Department of General Services (DGS), Office of Fleet Administration announced the availability of rerefined oil for State vehicles during required oil change services, and strongly encourages State drivers to utilize State garages and authorized vendors offering rerefined oil for oil change services.
Federal
Under federal Executive Order 13101, federal agencies have been required since 1999 to buy motor oil and other lubricants with a minimum of 25 percent rerefined base stock.
PERFORMANCE
Rerefined oil has been used in California and throughout the United States with great success for many years, even in high-performance, mission-critical safety vehicles.
As shown by extensive laboratory testing and field experience, rerefined oil provides a high-quality base stock that is virtually indistinguishable and equivalent in appearance and quality to virgin oil. In addition, the American Petroleum Institute (API), which sets the standards for most auto and equipment manufacturer warranties, has certified rerefined oils that pass the same cold-start, pumpability, rust corrosion, engine wear, and high-temperature viscosity tests as virgin oils do, thus ensuring consistent performance standards for all engine oils. To find products meeting these requirements, look for the API starburst on the oil container or on the document accompanying an order for lubricants.
The API subjects rerefined oil products to the same stringent performance standards that are applied to virgin oil products. The API, which includes members that are manufacturers of new cars and new engines, recommends the use of API-certified oil. Given that the performance tests for rerefined oil and virgin oil are the same, the products are equivalent. For example, if a rerefined motor oil carries the API starburst certification mark, or API "donut" service symbol of approval, it is guaranteed to meet the same performance standards as any similarly certified virgin oil. [4] In fact, according to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), extensive testing from the National Institute of Standards and Technology and the United States Army concluded that rerefined oil is equivalent to virgin oil, passes all prescribed tests, and can even outperform virgin oil. [5]
API Starburst Certification Mark
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API "Donut" Service Symbol
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Generally, rerefined engine oils can be used without warranty concerns in vehicles made by all of the major automotive manufacturers. Warranty requirements are typically based on performance criteria and not on the origin of the base oil. Most manufacturers have certified rerefined oils to be as good as their virgin equivalents. Contact the automotive manufacturer for further details and general disclaimers.
A note on why rerefined oil is not as widely accepted as it could be: Today, rerefined motor oil meets the same performance standards as virgin motor oil. However, historical concerns about the quality of rerefined oil have continued to reduce consumer demand. In the 1940s and 1950s, some used motor oil was minimally treated and sold as recycled motor oil. The quality was generally lower than virgin motor oil, and recycled motor oil gained a reputation for poor quality. The poor quality reputation began to change in the 1970s, when the API developed its objective quality standard for lubricating oils. As long as a lubricating oil can meet the stringent performance standards, its origin as rerefined or virgin is irrelevant, because any certified oil meeting the performance standards by definition meets the requirements of a high-quality product.
All rerefined motor oil available through the statewide DGS contract (Contract under development) meets the same stringent API standards that apply to virgin oils. If you have been reluctant to use rerefined motor oil because of its past reputation, try the newer, API-certified rerefined motor oils.
When using any type of motor oil, a little preventive maintenance can help keep your vehicles trouble-free. Here are a few motor oil tips:
- Change motor oil at the vehicle manufacturer's recommended change interval.
- Always use API-certified motor oil.
- Change the oil filter at the same time the oil is changed (if using a re-usable oil filter, be sure to clean the oil filter at the time of the oil change).
AVAILABILITY
Rerefined oil is readily available through vendors listed in the statewide lube, oil and grease contract (Contract under development) through the DGS. Rerefined oil is generally not available in small amounts (such as quart bottles) at the retail level, but many oil jobbers throughout the state do carry rerefined oil in bulk amounts (55 gallon drums).
COST
Note: The following discussion on cost is general and is not meant to reflect specific contracts or to supersede existing mandates or policies.
Rerefined oil is generally available at the same or lower cost than virgin oil. In some rural areas, the cost of rerefined oil may be slightly higher than virgin oil.
SPECIFICATIONS
California
The Procurement Engineering Team of the Procurement Division of the Department of General Services develops and reviews specifications for statewide commodity standards and information technology. If you have questions regarding developing specifications, or would like a copy of one of their specifications, please contact the team.
Tips for Writing Specifications
Sample Language
When buying rerefined motor oil or other lubricating oils, include specifications which require the oil to be at least 70 percent rerefined base stock. Besides environmental and health benefits, your specifications can ultimately help lead to better prices and wider availability by increasing demand for rerefined oil. Here is a sample clause:
"All lubricating oils must contain at least 70 percent rerefined base stock. Vendors must certify that oils meet this recycled-content specification. Vendors must also certify that the motor oil is licensed by the American Petroleum Institute for their latest service category, conforms to respective viscosity grades, and is energy conserving as specified in this solicitation. Vendors are encouraged to provide products that contain a higher percentage of rerefined base stock than the 70 percent minimum."
Other Specifications
- United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), Database of Environmental Information for Products and Services. This database contains contract language, specifications, and policies created and used by federal, state, and local governments and others to buy environmentally preferable products and services.
- United States Federal Code: Federal regulations state that rerefined oil is equivalent to new oil when meeting the API Standards. [6]
VENDORS
Statewide Lube, Oil and Grease Contract
Several brands of rerefined motor oil as well as other lubricating oils are available through the Statewide Lube, Oil and Grease contract (Contract under development) through the DGS.
Local agencies may use State procurement contracts.
Other Sources
Oil Change Services for State Vehicles
There are State garages and authorized vendors that offer rerefined oil for oil change services.
Recycled-Content Product Directory
The California Integrated Waste Management Board's Recycled-Content Product Directory contains thousands of listings of recycled-content products from thousands of suppliers.
See also the Resources and Web Sites section.
SUCCESS STORIES
State of California
Each year, (based upon fiscal years 2000-01 - 2002-03 data), California State agencies purchase approximately 190,000 gallons of rerefined motor oil. Vehicles that use rerefined motor oil include Caltrans (California Department of Transportation) heavy equipment, passenger vehicles, and California Highway Patrol cruisers. [7]
United States Department of Defense (DOD)
All branches of the United States Department of Defense Armed Forces have been approved to use rerefined motor oil in vehicles and military equipment. Military Specifications for motor oil clearly indicate that rerefined motor oil is considered equivalent in quality and performance to virgin oil, provided that the minimum performance requirements are met.
According to the Defense Supply Center Richmond, "Rerefined motor oil satisfies all manufacturers' engine warranties and meets the American Petroleum Institute (API) SJ and energy conserving performance classifications. The Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) has approved the use of rerefined oil and the U.S. Army Tank-Automotive and Armaments Command (TACOM) has also qualified these engine oils under MIL-PRF-2104, for use in combat and tactical vehicles." [8]
California Cities of Thousand Oaks, Santa Monica, San Francisco, Chula Vista, and Sacramento
The City of Thousand Oaks maintains a fleet totaling 450 vehicles and small equipment which uses rerefined motor oil. Vehicles and equipment running on re-rerefined motor oil include cars, trucks, compressed natural gas buses, generators, concrete saws, air compressors, etc. Since 1993, the city has used rerefined oil in all vehicles and has seen no engine failures or performance problems. "Rerefined oil is the only environmentally responsible oil that meets the same tough performance standards as other top brands while protecting our natural resources," said Mark D. Watkins, Public Works Director. [9]
The City and County of San Francisco is using rerefined oil in approximately 75 percent of their fleet vehicles. This includes all city departments except the Public Utilities Commission and the Police and Fire Departments. Soon the police department vehicles will also be serviced using rerefined oil, but not until a low viscous oil can be provided. Additionally, 100 of the San Francisco Port vehicles are using rerefined oil. [10]
The City of Santa Monica has used rerefined oil in all of its fleet vehicles since 1999. [11] The cities of Chula Vista and Sacramento also use rerefined motor oil in their fleets. [12]
States of Minnesota and Vermont
The State of Minnesota's Central Motor Pool now exclusively uses rerefined oil in its vehicles, while the State of Vermont has been satisfactorily using rerefined oil in all of its vehicles since 1994. [13]
King County, Washington
King County in the State of Washington has been using rerefined oil in its fleets since 1992. According to its Environmental Purchasing Program, more than 150,000 gallons of rerefined oil were purchased in 2004 for its vehicle fleets. [14]
DaimlerChrysler
DaimlerChrysler plants use quality, rerefined oils. These oils meet the same standards for performance and composition as their virgin counterparts. The Transmission Plant in Kokomo, Indiana, the Stamping Plant in Twinsburg, Ohio and the Engine Plant in Kenosha, Wisconsin have all instituted cost-saving programs that use rerefined oils. The program is expected to save the company around $500,000 the first year and $3 million the second year. [15]
RESOURCES AND WEBSITES
California Integrated Waste Management Board (CIWMB)
Sacramento, CA
(916) 341-6000
The CIWMB's mission is to reduce waste, promote the management of all materials to their highest and best use, and protect public health and safety and the environment, in partnership with all Californians. Visit the CIWMB's Rerefined Oil Web page for information on the facts of rerefined oil, who uses rerefined oil and why, and a list of re-refiners, blenders, and distributors.
Defense Supply Center
Richmond, Virginia
(804) 279-4908
The Defense Supply Center supplies equipment and material to defense agencies. Their Web site contains information on rerefined oil pricing and specifications for use by military organizations.
King County Environmental Purchasing Program
Seattle, WA
(206) 296-0100
(800) 325-6165
A pioneer and contemporary model in environmental procurement, King County provides sample contract specifications for environmentally preferable lubricants, including rerefined motor oil and vegetable-based lubricants. In addition, its Web site contains procurement case studies including one on rerefined oil, along with resources for environmental purchasing and waste reduction.
Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA)
St. Paul, MN
(651) 296-6300
(800) 657-3864
The MPCA provides assistance on the purchase of environmentally preferable products such as rerefined oil, latex paint, recycled-content paper, as well as resources, assistance, grants, and loans in the areas of waste and pollution prevention, recycling, reuse, environmental education, and sustainable communities.
The Office of the Federal Environmental Executive (OFEE)
Washington, DC
(202) 564-1297
As part of its broader mission to promote sustainable environmental stewardship throughout the federal government, the OFEE promotes the acquisition of recycled-content, environmentally preferable, and biobased products. Visit the OFEE's Web site for sources of rerefined oil. Additionally, the Web site highlights success stories in environmental procurement, recycling, and waste prevention.
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)
Washington, DC
(202) 272-0167
In order to assist federal agencies in purchasing environmentally preferable products and services, the USEPA offers a wide range of information about products such as rerefined oil. Visit the USEPA's Comprehensive Procurement Guidelines (CPG) Web site for Recovered Materials Advisory Notices (RMANs), which recommend recycled-content levels. The site includes a rerefined lubricating oil page, a downloadable vehicular products fact sheet for 2004, a CPG Supplier Database, and a Database of Environmental Information for Products and Services.
[1] California Integrated Waste Management Board, Used Oil Recycling Rate Annual Report: 2003 (October 2004). See www.ciwmb.ca.gov/UsedOil/RateInfo/.
[2] Boughton, B. and A. Horvath, Environmental Assessment of Used Oil Management Methods, Environmental Science and Technology, Volume 38, No. 2, January 2004.
[3] Boughton and Horvath, ibid.
[4] "Consumers Look for the Products that Carry the API Quality Marks," American Petroleum Institute (March 11, 2003). Available at: http://www.api.org/aboutoilgas/motoroil/
[5] "DSCR's Re-refined Motor Oil Programs," United States Defense Supply Center Richmond (March 12, 2003). See http://www.dscr.dla.mil/userweb/dscrld/Re-refined/RR.htm
[6] Title 16, Code of Federal Regulations, section 311.5.
[7] California Integrated Waste Management Board (CIWMB) State Agency Buy Recycled Campaign How Are We Doing? Web page (April 19, 2004). Available at: www.ciwmb.ca.gov/BuyRecycled/StateAgency/Status.htm.
[8] "Defense Logistics Agency Offers Re-refined Motor Oil," United States Environmental Protection Agency (March 12, 2003). Available at: http://www.epa.gov/oppt/epp/pubs/case/dlaoil.htm.
[9] California Integrated Waste Management Board (CIWMB) Re-refined Oil "Street Smarts: The Users of Re-refined Oil" Web page (Available at: www.ciwmb.ca.gov/UsedOil/Rerefined/Users.htm), and CIWMB communication with Thousand Oaks staff during October 2005.
[10] Cynthia Knowles, San Francisco Used Oil Recycling Coordinator. E-mail to CIWMB (October 28, 2005).
[11] City of Santa Monica Environmental Programs Division Re-refined Oil Facts Web page. Available at santa-monica.org/epd/residents/HHW/oil_refined.htm.
[12] California Integrated Waste Management Board Re-refined Oil "Street Smarts: The Users of Re-refined Oil" Web page. Available at www.ciwmb.ca.gov/UsedOil/Rerefined/Users.htm.
[13] Solid Waste Management Coordinating Board of Minnesota. Environmentally Preferable Purchasing Guide, Section 7.1. Available at: www.greenguardian.com/eppg/7_1.asp.
[14] King County Environmental Purchasing Program Environmentally Preferable Lubricants Web page. Available at: www.metrokc.gov/procure/green/oil.htm.
[15] "Eco-Initiatives-Good ideas make a difference," DaimlerChrysler (March 11, 2003) See www.daimlerchrysler.com/index_e.htm?/environ/report2002/i_e.htm.
Special Note: Portions of the Environmentally Preferable Purchasing Best Practices Manual were borrowed or adapted from the Environmentally Preferable Purchasing Guide published by the Solid Waste Management Coordinating Board of Minnesota.
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