Environmental and Health Issues and Recommendations
 Recycled Content:
Using virgin material (comes directly from trees) to produce janitorial paper products, which are single-use non-recyclable items, is an inefficient use of valuable natural resources.
Total recycled content = postconsumer content + secondary content
Postconsumer material comes from paper that has been used by consumers and then collected through recycling programs.
Secondary material consists of "fragments of finished products or finished products of a manufacturing process, that has converted a resource into a commodity of real economic value, but does not include excess virgin resources of the manufacturing process, such as fibers recovered from wastewater, trimmings of paper machine rolls, mill broke, plastic, or metal trimmings, or shavings, or other residue from a manufacturing process." [1] Secondary material is recycled before it reaches consumers.
Most janitorial paper products - bathroom and facial tissues, paper towels, and toilet seat covers - are available with recycled content, and many have high levels of postconsumer content. Using recycled janitorial paper products keeps waste paper out of landfills and saves trees.
- When purchasing janitorial paper products, follow this content hierarchy:
- Postconsumer material
- Secondary material
- Virgin material from sustainably harvested non-old growth and non-endangered forests. Note: Whenever possible, avoid janitorial paper products that contain any virgin material. For more information, see the Fiber section.
 Less Hazardous:
Buying paper products that are bleached without chlorine or chlorine compounds reduces pollution.
- Choose janitorial paper products that are labeled "unbleached," "bleached without chlorine or chlorine derivatives," or "processed chlorine-free."
 Prevents Waste:
People use more folded towels than roll towels. By switching from folded towels to roll towels, you can reduce toweling waste by 25 to 35 percent. In addition, roll towels require less packaging and storage space. [2],[3]
Tissue and towel rolls can be produced without paper cores. [4]
- Choose roll towels and coreless tissue and towel rolls.
 Global Warming:
More than a fifth of California's overall disposed waste stream is paper, [5] which, when landfilled, breaks down and produces methane, a potent climate-changing gas. [6],[7],[8]
- Seek ways to reduce toweling waste so that less paper is landfilled.
See the Introduction for complete descriptions of these environmental and health issues.
BACKGROUND AND ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH ISSUES
"At many workplaces, paper towels are the highest volume waste material produced in kitchen, restroom, maintenance shop, and clean-up areas," [9] and it is safe to assume that at least one type of tissue product - bathroom tissue, facial tissue, paper napkins, and/or paper towels - is found in most American workplaces and households. With such widespread use of tissue products, buying processed chlorine-free tissue products with higher levels of recycled content - preferably postconsumer - can significantly reduce environmental impacts. For example, more than half a million trees could be saved if every household in the United States replaced just one roll of 100 percent virgin fiber paper towels (70 sheets) with 100 percent recycled-content towels. [10]
Environmental and Health Issues
Recycled Content
What could be more wasteful than using virgin fiber to make janitorial paper products - products that are designed to be thrown away after a single use? Look for janitorial products with 100 percent recycled content and the highest possible levels of postconsumer content. Postconsumer fiber comes from paper - primarily from office paper collection programs [11] - that has been used by consumers and then collected through recycling programs. Most janitorial paper products - bathroom and facial tissues, paper towels, and toilet seat covers - are available with postconsumer content, and many have very high levels of postconsumer content. Using recycled content janitorial paper products saves trees and keeps waste paper out of landfills.
- What to look for: Look for products with 100 recycled content and higher levels of postconsumer content. See also the environmentally preferable fiber hierarchy in the Fiber section.
Bleaching Chemicals
Additional benefits come from choosing paper products made with less or no chlorine. Bleaching (whitening) paper pulp with elemental chlorine or chlorine compounds produces chlorinated pollutants, such as dioxin, in the wastewater stream. [12],[13] According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency, dioxin "is a toxic industrial pollutant that is … persistent in the environment. It accumulates in the fat tissue of animals and humans and has been linked to adverse human health effects, including cancer and toxicity to reproductive, immunologic, and endocrine systems." [14] Totally chlorine-free bleaching, which uses alternative bleaching agents, such as oxygen and peroxide, eliminates dioxins and other chlorinated pollutants from the wastewater stream. [15] In order to reduce potential risks, a number of manufacturers are switching to chlorine-free technologies.
What to look for: When buying janitorial paper products, choose chlorine-free or less-chlorinated products by looking for the following language on labels and in catalogs:
- "Unbleached"
- "Bleached without chlorine or chlorine derivatives"
- "Totally chlorine-free" (TCF). This applies to virgin paper fiber that is unbleached or processed without chlorine or chlorine derivatives.
- "Processed chlorine-free" (PCF) applies to recycled paper fiber that is unbleached or bleached without chlorine or chlorine derivatives; however, since some of the waste paper being recycled may previously have been bleached with chlorine, recycled paper products labeled PCF cannot be labeled TCF. If the final product contains any virgin fiber, then that fiber must be TCF.
- "Elemental chlorine-free" (ECF) paper fiber is bleached with chlorine derivatives that produce fewer dioxins than elemental chlorine.
Fiber
In papermaking, a fiber is a tiny thread-like unit of vegetable growth. [16] Fiber is the main component of janitorial paper products, and it can come from sources such as trees or recovered paper.
What to look for: Here is a hierarchy of fiber to consider, starting with the most environmentally preferable fiber:
- Postconsumer fiber
- Secondary fiber
- Virgin fiber from sustainably harvested non-old growth and non-endangered forests. Note: Whenever possible, avoid janitorial paper products that contain any virgin material.
Fiber to Avoid
Forests can be rich sources of biodiversity. [17] They are important for fish and wildlife habitat; provide food, shelter, and aesthetic and recreational benefits to humans; help slow global warming by storing and sequestering carbon; and help regulate local and regional rainfall. [18] Avoid janitorial paper products that contain any virgin fiber, especially fiber from old growth forests, endangered forests, and unsustainably harvested forests. These terms may be defined differently by different parties, so to err on the safer side, look for janitorial paper products that contain the highest possible amount of recycled - preferably postconsumer - material. Postconsumer material is a low-risk fiber source. You may also wish to consider paper products for which the content has been certified by an independent third party, such as the Chlorine Free Products Association or the Forest Stewardship Council.
Waste Prevention
- People use more folded towels than roll towels because the "easy accessibility of folded towels makes them readily available to grab by the handful." [19] By switching from folded towels to hardwound roll towels combined with controlled-use dispensers, you can reduce toweling waste by 25 to 35 percent. In addition, roll towels require less packaging and storage space. [20],[21] If folded towels must be used, remember that extremely thin folded towels may tear when pulled from a dispenser, causing waste when users grab handfuls of shredded towels.
- Switching to electric hand dryers or cloth towels can reduce paper waste. For more information on these options, see the following resources:
- California Integrated Waste Management Board, Waste Prevention Information Exchange: Appliances - Air Dryers Web page.
- Case study titled "Alternatives to Multi-folded Paper Towels" available from StopWaste.org.
- Hand Drying section of the "Environmentally Preferable Purchasing Guide" that is published by the Solid Waste Management Coordinating Board of Minnesota.
- Tissue and towel rolls can be produced without paper cores. [22]
LAWS AND GUIDELINES
California
Statute
State Agency Buy Recycled Campaign (SABRC)
- Recycled-Content Product Procurement Requirements
- Public Contract Code (PCC) section 12203 requires State agencies (including California State Universities) to ensure that at least 50 percent of the dollars spent on paper products be spent on paper products with at least 30 percent, by fiber weight, postconsumer fiber.
- The SABRC paper product (PP) category includes, but is not limited to, paper janitorial supplies, cartons, wrapping, packaging, file folders, and hanging files, building insulation and panels, corrugated boxes, tissue, and toweling (see PCC section 12207).
- Recycled-Content Certification Requirements
- PCC section 12205 requires all State agencies to obtain from all suppliers written certification of the postconsumer content of each product offered or sold to the State. Recycled-content certification forms are available in the SABRC training manual.
- Recycled-Content Product Procurement Report
- Recycled-Content Product Procurement Contract Language
- PCC section 12217(f) directs State agencies to remove contract provisions that impede the consideration of recycled products and to replace them with performance standards.
Federal
The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act requires procuring agencies to buy recycled-content products designated by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) in the Comprehensive Procurement Guidelines (CPG). Commercial/industrial sanitary tissue products are USEPA-designated items. "Procuring agencies include all federal agencies, and any state or local government agencies or government contractors that use appropriated federal funds to purchase the designated items. If your agency spends more than $10,000 per year on a product designated in the CPG, you are required to purchase it with the highest recycled-content level practicable." [23] This means that the recycled-content ranges recommended in the USEPA's Recovered Materials Advisory Notice (RMAN) for the item in question are met. [24] The USEPA's recommended recovered fiber content levels for commercial/industrial sanitary tissue products are available on-line.
"Executive Order 13101 and the Federal Acquisition Regulation also call for an increase in the federal government's use of recycled-content and environmentally preferable products." [25]
PERFORMANCE
"Toilet paper and facial tissue made from recycled paper meet consumer expectations and cost about the same as or less than their non-recycled counterparts …Paper towels with recycled content are competitive in price and performance." [26]
AVAILABILITY
Note: The following discussion of availability is general. Environmentally preferable janitorial paper products are available from custodial products suppliers for the Away-from-Home (commercial/industrial/institutional) market and from supermarkets and natural foods stores for the At-Home (consumer) market; however, availability differs between the two markets. For example, some tissues and towels that are sold for home use may not be compatible with dispensers that are used in public facilities, and vice versa.
- Bathroom tissue is available with up to 100 percent recycled content and high levels of postconsumer content (up to 80 percent). Processed chlorine-free bathroom tissue is available.
- Facial tissue is available with up to 100 percent recycled content and low to medium levels of postconsumer content (up to 40 percent). Processed chlorine-free facial tissue is available.
- Paper towels are available with up to 100 percent total recycled content and high levels of postconsumer content (up to 80 percent). Processed chlorine-free paper towels are available.
- Toilet seat covers are available with up to 100 percent total recycled content and low to medium levels of postconsumer content.
- Paper napkins are available with up to 100 percent total recycled content and medium to high levels of postconsumer content (up to 80 percent). Processed chlorine-free paper napkins are available.
See the following Conservatree Web pages for detailed information on availability:
COST
Recycled-content bathroom tissue, facial tissue, and paper towels in the Away-from-Home market tend to be cost-competitive with, and sometimes less expensive than, their non-recycled counterparts. [27],[28]
Costs may be incurred when switching from folded towel dispensers to roll towel dispensers; however, using roll towels can 1) reduce paper waste and 2) reduce labor costs because they do not have to be replaced as frequently as folded towels. Towel vendors can provide calculations of the potential waste and cost savings of switching to roll towels, [29] and a sample calculation is available in "Paper Towels," [30] by Nancy VandenBerg. "Paper Towels" also contains helpful information on addressing costs when adjusting specifications.
For a discussion of the costs of different hand drying options (electric hand dryers, cloth towels, and recycled content paper towels), see the Hand Drying section of the "Environmentally Preferable Purchasing Guide" that is published by the Solid Waste Management Coordinating Board of Minnesota.
SPECIFICATIONS
California
The Procurement Engineering Team of the Procurement Division of the Department of General Services develops and reviews specifications for statewide commodity standards and information technology. If you have questions regarding developing specifications, or would like a copy of one of their specifications, please contact the team.
Tips for Writing Specifications
Please note that in California, agencies should refer to the postconsumer content standards set forth in statute.
Green Seal
Green Seal is a nationally recognized non-profit organization that certifies a variety of environmental products that pass stringent testing standards. Here are its Selection/Recommendation Criteria for Environmentally Preferable Bathroom Tissue and Paper Towels:
- "Where available, purchase bathroom tissue and paper towels certified as environmentally preferable under Green Seal's environmental standards, GS-1 and GS-9, respectively.
- Purchase bathroom tissue and paper towels made of 100% recovered materials.
- Bathroom tissue should contain a minimum of 20% postconsumer waste; paper towels should contain a minimum of 40% postconsumer waste.
- Choose unbleached paper towels first; process chlorine free (PCF), second; elemental chlorine free (ECF), third.
- Select packaging having minimum environmental impact: made of recycled and recyclable materials; imprinted with safe inks; and containing no toxic metals, dyes, inks or fragrances. Avoid products which are packaged in outer cartons that are inappropriately sized or which contain excessive inner packaging materials.
- Seek items having the largest amount of product. For example, each roll of bathroom tissue should contain at least 40 square feet of product.
- Select high-capacity hardwound roll towels (800 feet or more)." [31]
GS-1 and GS-9 are available on-line.
Other
"Paper Towels," by Nancy VandenBerg, contains valuable tips for adjusting specifications to address ownership costs, towels, dispensers, and service contracts. For example, Ms. VandenBerg offers the following advice on choosing dispensers, "You must replace the dispensers when switching from folded to roll towels. Caution and a little research can help avoid future problems. Paper companies often supply "proprietary" dispensers designed to accept only their own rolls. Special notches in the roll or end pieces inserted in the core fit special holders in the dispensers. Proprietary dispensers lock users into future use of towels designed for the dispenser. This limits competition for all future bids. "Universal" dispensers are a better choice and all manufacturers make "universal" rolls to fit universal dispensers." [32]
VENDORS
Comprehensive Procurement Guidelines Supplier Database
The USEPA's Comprehensive Procurement Guidelines Supplier Database is a searchable database of vendors who sell or distribute recycled-content products.
Conservatree
Conservatree, a non-profit organization, maintains lists of environmentally preferable janitorial paper products.
Green Seal
Green Seal, a non-profit organization, recommends specific environmentally preferable janitorial paper products in its document titled "Choose Green Report: Bathroom Tissue and Paper Towels."
In addition, Green Seal prepared a report for the State of California titled "Environmentally Preferable Bathroom Tissue and Paper Towel Products for the State of California." Green Seal's objective in writing this report was to develop a list of recommended paper towel and bathroom tissue products based on specific environmental attributes.
Natural Resources Defense Council
The Natural Resources Defense Council, a non-profit organization, has an on-line publication titled "A Shopper's Guide to Home Tissue Products."
Recycled-Content Product Directory
The California Integrated Waste Management Board's Recycled-Content Product Directory contains thousands of listings of recycled-content products from thousands of suppliers.
SUCCESS STORY
Highland Hospital
The following case study is excerpted from the StopWaste.org Web site:
"Highland Hospital, a 500-bed medical center in Oakland, California, switched from multi-fold paper towels to roll towels in all non-patient restrooms. The hospital has 40 non-patient restrooms with two dispensers in each for a total of 80 dispensers.
Benefits
"Projected annual savings per roll-towel dispenser are $8.57. The dispensers have an expected life of five years which means the hospital will save $3,435 over the life of the dispensers. The simple payback period for this investment is estimated to be three years. Note that this payback estimate does not include the 75 percent reduction in labor costs associated with changing rolls instead of multi-fold towels. Other cost savings include:
- Reduced paper costs, and
- Lower solid waste disposal costs.
"Since people use less paper with roll towels, approximately 43 fewer pounds of paper would accrue per dispenser each year. The total paper towel waste reduction for 80 dispensers is estimated at 3,442 pounds per year (1.74 tons)."
RESOURCES AND WEBSITES
California Integrated Waste Management Board (CIWMB)
Sacramento, CA
(916) 341-6000
The CIWMB's mission is to reduce waste, promote the management of all materials to their highest and best use, and protect public health and safety and the environment, in partnership with all Californians. See the following resources:
Chlorine Free Products Association (CFPA)
Algonquin, IL
(847) 658-6104
The CFPA is a not-for-profit, state of Illinois corporation. The primary purpose of the association is to promote Total Chlorine Free policies, programs, and technologies throughout the world. The CFPA awards qualified manufacturers the certifications "Processed Chlorine Free" and "Totally Chlorine Free." Visit the CFPA's Web site for information on its certification and educational services, lists of the paper products it has certified, and relevant news articles.
Conservatree
San Francisco, CA
(415) 561-6530
Conservatree is a non-profit organization dedicated to converting paper markets to environmental papers. Conservatree's comprehensive Web site provides technical assistance with selecting environmentally preferable papers and paper products. See its lists of environmentally preferable janitorial paper products.
Green Seal
Washington, DC
(202) 872-6400
Green Seal is a nationally recognized non-profit organization that certifies a variety of environmental products that pass stringent testing standards. See the following resources:
Minnesota, Solid Waste Management Coordinating Board of (SWMCB)
The mission of the SWMCB is to increase the efficiency and environmental effectiveness of the region's solid waste management system. See the Hand Drying section of the SWMCB's "Environmentally Preferable Purchasing Guide" for information on different hand drying options, including recycled-content paper towels, electric hand dryers, and cloth towels. Contact information is available on-line.
Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC)
New York, NY
(212) 727-2700
The NRDC is a non-profit organization, and its purpose is to safeguard the Earth: its people, its plants and animals and the natural systems on which all life depends. See the NRDC's on-line publication titled "A Shopper's Guide to Home Tissue Products."
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)
Washington, DC
(202) 272-0167
In order to assist federal agencies in purchasing environmentally preferable products and services, the USEPA offers a range of information about products, including recycled content janitorial paper products. Visit the USEPA's Comprehensive Procurement Guidelines (CPG) Web site for Recovered Materials Advisory Notices (RMAN), which recommend recycled-content levels. The site includes a paper and paper products page, a paper products fact sheet for 2004, a CPG Supplier Database, and a Database of Environmental Information for Products and Services.
[1] California Public Contract Code section 12200(l). Available at http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/cgi-bin/displaycode?section=pcc&group=12001-13000&file=12200-12217. Accessed on May 30, 2006.
[2] Paper Towels, by Nancy VandenBerg. Originally published in Resourceful Purchasing: A Hands-On Buyers' Manual with How-To-Do-It Guidance for Source Reduction and Recycled Products, Alameda County Source Reduction and Recycling Board, 1996. Available at http://www.conservatree.org/paper/PaperTypes/tissuenvb.shtml. Accessed on March 28, 2006.
[3] Green Seal. Choose Green Report: Bathroom Tissue and Paper Towels. March 2004. Available at http://www.greenseal.org/resources/reports/CGR_tissuetowel.pdf. Accessed on March 28, 2006.
[4] Conservatree. Tissue Issues: Overview Web page. Available at http://www.conservatree.org/paper/PaperTypes/tissueoverview.shtml. Accessed on March 28, 2006.
[5] California Integrated Waste Management Board. Statewide Waste Characterization Study, December 2004, p. 6. Available at http://www.ciwmb.ca.gov/Publications/default.asp?pubid=1097.
[6] United States Environmental Protection Agency. Global Warming - Actions, Waste Management Web page. Available at this location. Accessed on April 3, 2006.
[7] J. Randall Freed and Anne Choate of the ICF Consulting Group and Eugene Lee of the United States Environmental Protection Agency. Greenhouse Gas Emission Factors for Municipal Waste Combustion and Other Practices. Available at this location.
[8] United States Environmental Protection Agency. Methane Web page. Available at http://www.epa.gov/methane/scientific.html. Accessed on April 3, 2006.
[9] Solid Waste Management Coordinating Board of Minnesota. Environmentally Preferable Purchasing Guide, Section 10.10: Hand Drying. Available at http://www.greenguardian.com/eppg/10_10.asp.
[10] Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC). A Shopper's Guide to Home Tissue Products Web page. Available at http://www.nrdc.org/land/forests/gtissue.asp. Accessed on April 12, 2006. Calculations based on 2000 U.S. Census data. Per the 2000 U.S. Census, there were approximately 100 million (105,480,101) occupied housing units in the U.S. in 2000. See the U.S. Census Bureau American FactFinder Web site at http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/QTTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-qr_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U_DP1&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U. Accessed on April 12, 2006.
[11] Conservatree. Tissue Issues: Overview Web page. Available at http://www.conservatree.org/paper/PaperTypes/tissueoverview.shtml. Accessed on March 28, 2006.
[12] Conservatree. Environmentally Sound Paper Overview: Essential Issues. Part III - Making Paper: Content. Available at http://www.conservatree.org/learn/Essential%20Issues/EIPaperContent.shtml.
[13] United States Environmental Protection Agency. Fact Sheet: The Pulp and Paper Industry, the Pulping Process, and Pollutant Releases to the Environment (1997), 2-3. Available at http://www.epa.gov/waterscience/pulppaper/jd/fs2.pdf.
[14] United States Environmental Protection Agency. ORD/NCER STAR Grants Dioxin Research Web page (October 2000). Available at http://es.epa.gov/ncer/publications/topical/dioxin.html.
[15] United States Environmental Protection Agency. Fact Sheet: The Pulp and Paper Industry, the Pulping Process, and Pollutant Releases to the Environment (1997), 2-3. Available at http://www.epa.gov/waterscience/pulppaper/jd/fs2.pdf.
[16] Charles Finley, Ph.D. Printing Paper and Ink, Delmar Publishers, Albany, New York, 1997, p. 405.
[17] United States Environmental Protection Agency. Technical Document: EPA's Draft Report on the Environment 2003, p. 5-9. Available at http://www.epa.gov/Envindicators/roe/pdf/EPA_Draft_ROE.pdf.
[18] Union of Concerned Scientists. Invasive Species - Forests Web page. Available at http://www.ucsusa.org/invasive_species/forests-index.html. Accessed on March 28, 2006.
[19] Green Seal. Choose Green Report: Bathroom Tissue and Paper Towels. March 2004. Available at http://www.greenseal.org/resources/reports/CGR_tissuetowel.pdf. Accessed on March 28, 2006.
[20] Paper Towels, by Nancy VandenBerg. Originally published in Resourceful Purchasing: A Hands-On Buyers' Manual with How-To-Do-It Guidance for Source Reduction and Recycled Products, Alameda County Source Reduction and Recycling Board, 1996. Available at http://www.conservatree.org/paper/PaperTypes/tissuenvb.shtml. Accessed on March 28, 2006.
[21] Green Seal. Choose Green Report: Bathroom Tissue and Paper Towels. March 2004. Available at http://www.greenseal.org/resources/reports/CGR_tissuetowel.pdf. Accessed on March 28, 2006.
[22] Conservatree. Tissue Issues: Overview Web page. Available at http://www.conservatree.org/paper/PaperTypes/tissueoverview.shtml. Accessed on March 28, 2006.
[23] United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2004 Comprehensive Procurement Guidelines Buy-Recycled Series Paper Products Fact Sheet. Available at http://www.epa.gov/cpg/factshts.htm.
[24] From California Integrated Waste Management Board staff communication with Office of the Federal Environmental Executive staff on December 12, 2005.
[25] United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2004 Comprehensive Procurement Guidelines Buy-Recycled Series Paper Products Fact Sheet. Available at: http://www.epa.gov/cpg/factshts.htm.
[26] Environmental Defense (formerly Environmental Defense Fund). Buy Recycled … and Save, 1995. Available at http://www.environmentaldefense.org/article.cfm?contentid=552. Accessed on April 3, 2006.
[27] Environmental Defense (formerly Environmental Defense Fund). Buy Recycled … and Save, 1995. Available at http://www.environmentaldefense.org/article.cfm?contentid=552. Accessed on April 3, 2006.
[28] Solid Waste Management Coordinating Board of Minnesota. Environmentally Preferable Purchasing Guide, Section 10.10: Hand Drying. Available at http://www.greenguardian.com/eppg/10_10.asp.
[29] Paper Towels, by Nancy VandenBerg. Originally published in Resourceful Purchasing: A Hands-On Buyers' Manual with How-To-Do-It Guidance for Source Reduction and Recycled Products, Alameda County Source Reduction and Recycling Board, 1996. Available at http://www.conservatree.org/paper/PaperTypes/tissuenvb.shtml. Accessed on March 28, 2006.
[30] Paper Towels, by Nancy VandenBerg. Originally published in Resourceful Purchasing: A Hands-On Buyers' Manual with How-To-Do-It Guidance for Source Reduction and Recycled Products, Alameda County Source Reduction and Recycling Board, 1996. Available at http://www.conservatree.org/paper/PaperTypes/tissuenvb.shtml. Accessed on March 28, 2006.
[31] Green Seal. Choose Green Report: Bathroom Tissue and Paper Towels. March 2004. Available at http://www.greenseal.org/resources/reports/CGR_tissuetowel.pdf. Accessed on April 5, 2006.
[32] Paper Towels, by Nancy VandenBerg. Originally published in Resourceful Purchasing: A Hands-On Buyers' Manual with How-To-Do-It Guidance for Source Reduction and Recycled Products, Alameda County Source Reduction and Recycling Board, 1996. Available at http://www.conservatree.org/paper/PaperTypes/tissuenvb.shtml
Special Note: Portions of the Environmentally Preferable Purchasing Best Practices Manual were borrowed or adapted from the Environmentally Preferable Purchasing Guide published by the Solid Waste Management Coordinating Board of Minnesota.
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